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81.
In the UK there can be several ways to access health care and this is true of hearing aid provision. Although there may appear to be a well‐defined distinction between the National Health Service (NHS) and independent dispenser hearing aid provision, there have been many examples of overlap between the two and recent government policy initiatives mean that distinctions have become less clear. This article outlines the changing relationship between the two sectors and the problems that potential consumers face accessing information on private sector options for amplification devices. A 1‐year sample of newspaper advertisements was content‐analysed for clarity of information provided. The analysis highlighted a range of provision, from well‐known hearing aid dispensers to the greyer areas of listening device retailers and intermediary services. Some advertisements were found to have been reported to the Advertising Standards Authority. Sufficiently misleading adverts may also infringe consumer protection legislation. The article concludes there is the possibility of consumer confusion about products and their potential for amelioration. 相似文献
82.
Phil Almond 《Human Resource Management Journal》2011,21(3):258-271
This article builds on the existing literature on ‘country of origin’ effects on the management of human resources in multinational corporations (MNCs). It adopts a relational perspective in order to examine how actors at different levels within multinationals develop identities, and how these interact. Exploring the different sets of relations present within MNCs highlights two major areas in which the existing literature is deficient: first, a more integrated perspective on country effects within MNCs is dependent on an understanding of the potential for firms to strategically segment HR policies; second, more consideration needs to be given to the potential separation, either full or partial, of country of ownership and country of management effects, in order to reach a more realistic analysis of how national business systems shape international HRM. 相似文献
83.
Jeffrey Carpenter Jessica Holmes Peter Hans Matthews 《Journal of public economics》2010,94(11-12):921-935
Data from a recent field experiment suggests that differences in participation rates are responsible for much of the variations in charity auction revenues across formats. We provide a theoretical framework for the analysis of this and other related results. The model illustrates the limits of previous results that assume full participation and introduces some new considerations to the choice of auction mechanism. It also implies, however, that the data cannot be explained in terms of participation costs alone: there must exist mechanism-specific obstacles to participation. 相似文献
84.
Mark J. Holmes 《Pacific Economic Review》2010,15(2):189-203
This paper tests for long‐run purchasing power (PPP) among nine Asia‐Pacific countries. Non‐stationarity of the real exchange rate is tested within a Markov regime‐switching framework. Two new concepts of PPP are defined that allow for real exchange behaviour to switch between stationary and non‐stationary regimes (partial PPP) or between stationary regimes of differing degrees of persistence (varied PPP). The results indicate that each country is characterized by at least one stationary regime. Indeed, five countries are characterized by two such regimes. Further analysis indicates that the Asian crisis of 1997 gave mixed impetus to the achievement of long‐run PPP. 相似文献
85.
Conclusions The previous sections of this paper have examined the relationship between virtually every published plan forecast, and the outcomes between 1952 and 1978, and offered an assessment of the additional information provided by the aggregate and certain industrial projections. Simple forecast-outcome ratios suggest that the projections became increasingly accurate at all levels of aggregation from the Second to Fourth Plans, after which the degree of predictive error rose. Generally, plans were pessimistic about growth prospects before 1970, but optimistic after that date. The planners were least successful in forecasting imports, Government expenditure, sectoral labour availability and productivity, and industrial rank orders during periods of unbalanced growth.Our evaluation of the Third, Fourth and Sixth Plans was relatively favourable, despite the large predictive errors, but left an unfavourable impression of the Fifth and Seventh Plans. It was shown that the projections of the Third, and especially the Fourth, Plans were relatively closer to the outcomes than forecasts that decision-makers could have constructed for themselves at the same date, and provided generally accurate information about the Government's medium term policy objectives. Though extremely inaccurate, the Sixth Plan neither was seriously inferior to alternative projections, nor incorrectly stated policy objectives. However, the aggregate and industrial projections in the Fifth Plan were generally inferior to Alternative forecasts, and were partially misleading about Government objectives over the period. Preliminary evidence suggests that the same will be true of the Seventh Plan.This evidence suggests that the praise lavished on French planning during the early 1960's was not altogether undeserved at the time. Though the plan forecasts were never perfectly accurate, there is a strong indication that the expectations-augmenting effects of the procedure were significant until 1965. However, the ability of planners to provide useful information in subsequent years was undermined by a change in Government attitudes, reflecting a hostility towards the process, and the increasing openness of the French economy. The former factor partly led to the poor performance of the Fifth Plan, which must have undermined the domestic credibility of the entire procedure. The latter meant that outcomes were increasingly determined by exogenous factors, which could not be affected by a manipulation of domestic expectations.This paper is one of a series written as part of a project on French Indicative Planning, funded by the SSRC. The authors wish to thank Charlotte Keenan for her efforts as research assistant on the project. 相似文献
86.
Mark J. Holmes 《Applied economics》2013,45(12):1237-1243
This paper investigates the integration of EU money supplies for the ERM period 1979Q1-93Q4. An estimating equation is derived from a simple equilibrium model of the EU money markets. Estimation is undertaken using the Johansen maximum likelihood cointegration procedure. The results show that those EU members with relatively low exchange rate premia against the DM are those whose variations in the money supply have been most sensitive to those of Germany. 相似文献
87.
Dr. Phil. E. A. Hintikka 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2013,2013(1):243-246
Abstract In der technischen Behandlung der Invaliden- oder Krankenversicherung kommt die Aufgabe vor, aus der Gruppe der Lebenden die Gruppe der Aktiven auszuscheiden. Dies wird in der Praxis vielleicht ausnahmslos derart ausgeführt, dass die Gruppe derjenigen Invaliden gleichen Alters, welche im Laufe eines Jahres invalid werden, weiter Jahr für .Jahr verfolgt wird. Angenommen, dass die Anzahl der Aktiven in einem Zeitpunkt gegeben ist, lässt sich vermittels der gegebenen Wahrscheinlichkeiten die Anzahl der während eines Jahres invalid Gewordenen und am Ende des ersten Jahres und späterer Jahre lebenden Invaliden ermitteln. Die Ausscheidetafel der Aktiven wird auf diese Weise Schritt für Schritt von dem jüngsten Alter zu den höheren weiter aufgebaut. 相似文献
88.
Oscar Cacho & Phil Simmons 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》1999,43(3):305-322
A farm portfolio model is specified with two risky enterprises and a risk-free asset which may be held short or long by the farmer. The model is solved numerically using a genetic algorithm. It is shown that the assumption of competitive adaptation leads to a violation of normative efficiency. Those who survive are not the most efficient in a normative sense. 相似文献
89.
The fact that large manufacturing plants export relatively more than small plants has been at the foundation of much work in the international trade literature. We examine this fact using Census microdata on plant shipments from the Commodity Flow Survey. We show that the fact is not entirely an international trade phenomenon; part of it can be accounted for by the effect of distance, distinct from any border effect. Export destinations tend to be farther than domestic destinations, and large plants tend to ship farther distances even to domestic locations compared with small plants. We develop an extension of the Melitz (2003) model and use it to set up an analysis with model interpretations of ratios between large plant and small plant shipments that can be calculated with the data. We obtain a decomposition of the overall ratio into a term that varies with distance, holding fixed the border, and a term that varies with the border, holding fixed the distance. The distance term accounts for more than half of the overall difference. 相似文献
90.